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個(gè)人中心奧氏體不銹鋼播報(bào)討論上傳視頻指在常溫下具有奧氏體組織的不銹鋼展開2個(gè)同名詞條收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10同義詞y12cr18ni9SE（y12cr18ni9SE）一般指奧氏體不銹鋼（指在常溫下具有奧氏體組織的不銹鋼）本詞條由“科普中國(guó)”科學(xué)百科詞條編寫與應(yīng)用工作項(xiàng)目審核。奧氏體不銹鋼，是指在常溫下具有奧氏體組織的不銹鋼。鋼中含Cr約18%、Ni 8%~25%、C約0.1%時(shí)，具有穩(wěn)定的奧氏體組織。奧氏體鉻鎳不銹鋼包括著名的18Cr-8Ni鋼和在此基礎(chǔ)上增加Cr、Ni含量并加入Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti等元素發(fā)展起來(lái)的高Cr-Ni系列鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼無(wú)磁性而且具有高韌性和塑性，但強(qiáng)度較低，不可能通過(guò)相變使之強(qiáng)化，僅能通過(guò)冷加工進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化，如加入S、Ca、Se、Te等元素，則具有良好的易切削性。中文名奧氏體不銹鋼
外文名austenite
主要成分Cr，Ni，C，Mo，Cu，Si，Nb，Ti
性    質(zhì)無(wú)磁，高韌性，高可塑性，強(qiáng)度低
定    義在常溫下具有奧氏體組織的不銹鋼
學(xué)    科冶金工程

目錄
1特性2種類?物理分類?化學(xué)分類3成分組成4結(jié)構(gòu)組織5機(jī)械性能6生產(chǎn)工藝7發(fā)展方向8形成元素9應(yīng)用
特性
播報(bào)編輯此類鋼除耐氧化性酸介質(zhì)腐蝕外，如果含有Mo、Cu等元素還能耐硫酸、磷酸以及甲酸、醋酸、尿素等的腐蝕。此類鋼中的含碳量若低于0.03%或含Ti、Ni，就可顯著提高其耐晶間腐蝕性能。高硅的奧氏體不銹鋼對(duì)濃硝酸具有良好的耐蝕性。由于奧氏體不銹鋼具有全面的和良好的綜合性能，在各行各業(yè)中獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。 [1]
種類
播報(bào)編輯物理分類奧氏體不銹鋼顯微組織不銹鋼通俗地說(shuō)，不銹鋼就是不容易生銹的鋼，實(shí)際上一部分不銹鋼，既有不銹性，又有耐酸性（耐蝕性）。不銹鋼的不銹性和耐蝕性是由于其表面上富鉻氧化膜（鈍化膜）的形成。這種不銹性和耐蝕性是相對(duì)的。試驗(yàn)表明，鋼在大氣、水等弱介質(zhì)中和硝酸等氧化性介質(zhì)中，其耐蝕性隨鋼中鉻含量的增加而提高，當(dāng)鉻含量達(dá)到一定的百分比時(shí)，鋼的耐蝕性發(fā)生突變，即從易生銹到不易生銹，從不耐蝕到耐腐蝕。不銹鋼的分類方法很多。按室溫下的組織結(jié)構(gòu)分類，有馬氏體型、奧氏體型、鐵素體和雙相不銹鋼；按主要化學(xué)成分分類，基本上可分為鉻不銹鋼和鉻鎳不銹鋼兩大系統(tǒng)；按用途分則有耐硝酸不銹鋼、耐硫酸不銹鋼、耐海水不銹鋼等等，按耐蝕類型分可分為耐點(diǎn)蝕不銹鋼、耐應(yīng)力腐蝕不銹鋼、耐晶間腐蝕不銹鋼等；按功能特點(diǎn)分類又可分為無(wú)磁不銹鋼、易切削不銹鋼、低溫不銹鋼、高強(qiáng)度不銹鋼等等。由于不銹鋼材具有優(yōu)異的耐蝕性、成型性、相容性以及在很寬溫度范圍內(nèi)的強(qiáng)韌性等系列特點(diǎn)，所以在重工業(yè)、輕工業(yè)、生活用品行業(yè)以及建筑裝飾等行業(yè)中獲取得廣泛的應(yīng)用。 [1]化學(xué)分類鐵素體不銹鋼在使用狀態(tài)下以鐵素體組織為主的不銹鋼。含鉻量在11%~30%，具有體心立方晶體結(jié)構(gòu)。這類鋼一般不含鎳，有時(shí)還含有少量的Mo、Ti、Nb等到元素，這類鋼具導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)大，膨脹系數(shù)小、抗氧化性好、抗應(yīng)力腐蝕優(yōu)良等特點(diǎn)，多用于制造耐大氣、水蒸氣、水及氧化性酸腐蝕的零部件。這類鋼存在塑性差、焊后塑性和耐蝕性明顯降低等缺點(diǎn)，因而限制了它的應(yīng)用。爐外精煉技術(shù)（AOD或VOD）的應(yīng)用可使碳、氮等間隙元素大大降低，因此使這類鋼獲得廣泛應(yīng)用。奧氏體--鐵素體雙相不銹鋼是奧氏體和鐵素體組織各約占一半的不銹鋼。在含C較低的情況下，Cr含量在18%~28%，Ni含量在3%~10%。有些鋼還含有Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti，N等合金元素。該類鋼兼有奧氏體和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點(diǎn)，與鐵素體相比，塑性、韌性更高，無(wú)室溫脆性，耐晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著提高，同時(shí)還保持有鐵素體不銹鋼的475℃脆性以及導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)高，具有超塑性等特點(diǎn)。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比，強(qiáng)度高且耐晶間腐蝕和耐氯化物應(yīng)力腐蝕有明顯提高。雙相不銹鋼具有優(yōu)良的耐孔蝕性能，也是一種節(jié)鎳不銹鋼。馬氏體不銹鋼通過(guò)熱處理可以調(diào)整其力學(xué)性能的不銹鋼，通俗地說(shuō)，是一類可硬化的不銹鋼。典型牌號(hào)為Cr13型，如2Cr13、3Cr13、4Cr13等。淬火后硬度較高，不同回火溫度具有不同強(qiáng)韌性組合，主要用于蒸汽輪機(jī)葉片、餐具、外科手術(shù)器械。根據(jù)化學(xué)成分的差異，馬氏體不銹鋼可分為馬氏體鉻鋼和馬氏體鉻鎳鋼兩類。根據(jù)組織和強(qiáng)化機(jī)理的不同，還可分為馬氏體不銹鋼、馬氏體和半奧氏體（或半馬氏體）沉淀硬化不銹鋼以及馬氏體時(shí)效不銹鋼等。對(duì)于產(chǎn)品的檢驗(yàn)，知道產(chǎn)品的來(lái)源和組織性能是無(wú)損檢測(cè)最好的手段，也是NDT從業(yè)者的創(chuàng)新。 [1]
成分組成
播報(bào)編輯在18-8型不銹鋼的成分基礎(chǔ)上演變，主要有以下幾方面的重要發(fā)展：1）加Mo改善點(diǎn)蝕和耐縫隙腐蝕；2）降C或加Ti、Nb，減少晶間腐蝕傾向；3）加Ni和Cr改善高溫抗氧化性和強(qiáng)度；4）加Ni改善抗應(yīng)力腐蝕性能；5）加S、Se改善切削性和構(gòu)件表面精度。 [1]
結(jié)構(gòu)組織
播報(bào)編輯鐵素體相的形成：對(duì)奧氏體不銹鋼性能的影響。F相的出現(xiàn)一般都對(duì)奧氏體不銹鋼的性能帶來(lái)不利的影響：如使熱加工產(chǎn)生裂紋的傾向性增大；鋼的耐點(diǎn)蝕性下降，在諸多腐蝕環(huán)境（如尿素生產(chǎn)）中耐蝕性劣化；在高溫下加長(zhǎng)時(shí)間加熱時(shí)，F(xiàn)相會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)棣蚁嗍逛撟兇嗟鹊?。含量的粗略判定Creq=%Cr+1.5×%Si+%Mo，Nieq=%Ni+30×(%C+%N)+0.5×%Mn鐵素體相的消除根本的辦法是提高鋼中奧氏體形成元素的含量。Ni是首選的元素，但是從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度出發(fā)，Mn和N也受到人們的重視。特別是N，其抑制鐵素體形成的能力為Ni的30倍，同時(shí)又有改善耐蝕性和提高強(qiáng)度的作用。 [1]
機(jī)械性能
播報(bào)編輯20℃溫度下高合金奧氏體不銹鋼的機(jī)械性能如下：合金ASTMEN鋼種牌號(hào)氮含量屈服強(qiáng)度抗拉強(qiáng)度延伸率GB%Rp0.2MPaRmMPaAs%316L316L1.44040.0622052045904LNO89041.453900Cr20Ni25Mo4.5Cu0.0622052035317LMN317LMN1.44390.1527058040254SMOS312541.454700Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN0.2030065040654SMOS326541.46520.5043075040高溫下高合金奧氏體不銹鋼的強(qiáng)度（Rp0.2MPa）如下：合金ASTMENGB氮含量%100℃200℃400℃316L316L1.44040.06166137108904LN089041.453900Cr20Ni25Mo4.5Cu0.06225175125317LMN317LMN1.44390.15225185150254SMOS312541.454700Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN0.20230190160654SMOS326541.46520.50350315295
生產(chǎn)工藝
播報(bào)編輯奧氏體不銹鋼生產(chǎn)工藝性能良好，特別是鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼，采用生產(chǎn)特殊鋼的常規(guī)手段可以順利地生產(chǎn)出各種常用規(guī)格的板、管、帶、絲、棒材以及鍛件和鑄件。由于合金元素（特別是鉻）含量高而碳含量又低，多采用電弧爐加氬氧脫碳（AOD）或真空脫氧脫碳（VOD）法大批量生產(chǎn)這類不銹鋼材，對(duì)于高級(jí)牌號(hào)的小批量產(chǎn)品可采用真空或非真空非感應(yīng)爐冶煉，必要時(shí)加電渣重熔。鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼優(yōu)良的熱塑性使其易于施以鍛造、軋制、熱穿孔和擠壓等熱加工，鋼錠加熱溫度為1150～1260℃，變形溫度范圍一般為900～1150℃，含銅、氮以及用鈦、鈮穩(wěn)定化的鋼種偏靠低溫，而高鉻、鉬鋼種偏靠高溫。由于導(dǎo)熱差，保溫時(shí)間應(yīng)較長(zhǎng)。熱加工后工件空冷即可。鉻錳奧氏體不銹鋼熱裂紋敏感性較強(qiáng)，鋼錠開坯時(shí)要小變形、多道次，鍛件宜堆冷?？梢赃M(jìn)行冷軋、冷拔和旋壓等冷加工工藝和沖壓、彎曲、卷邊與折疊等成形操作。鉻鎳奧氏體不銹鋼加工硬化傾向較鉻錳鋼弱，一次退火后冷變形量可以達(dá)到70%～90%，但鉻錳奧氏體不銹鋼由于變形抗力大，加工硬化傾向強(qiáng)，應(yīng)增加中間軟化退火次數(shù)。一般中間軟化退火處理為1050～1100℃水冷。奧氏體不銹鋼也可生產(chǎn)鑄件。為了提高鋼液的流動(dòng)性，改善鑄造性能，鑄造鋼種合金成分應(yīng)有所調(diào)整：提高硅含量，放寬鉻、鎳含量的區(qū)間，并提高雜質(zhì)元素硫的含量上限。奧氏體不銹鋼使用前應(yīng)進(jìn)行固溶處理，以便最大限度地將鋼中的碳化物等各種析出相固溶到奧氏體基體中，同時(shí)也使組織均勻化及消除應(yīng)力，從而保證優(yōu)良的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能。正確的固溶處理制度為1050～1150℃加熱后水冷（細(xì)薄件也可空冷）。固溶處理溫度視鋼的合金化程度而定：無(wú)鉬或低鉬鋼種應(yīng)較低（≤1100℃），而更高合金化的牌號(hào)如00Cr20Ni18Mo-6CuN、00Cr25Ni22Mo2N等宜較高（1080～1150℃）。生產(chǎn)中廣泛采用先進(jìn)技術(shù)，如爐外精煉率達(dá)到95%以上，連鑄比超過(guò)80%，高速軋機(jī)和精、快鍛機(jī)等普遍推廣。特別是在冶煉和加工過(guò)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)電子計(jì)算機(jī)控制，保證了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和性能的可靠和穩(wěn)定。 [2]
發(fā)展方向
播報(bào)編輯（1）鋼種極低碳化（碳≤0.02%）和高純化（作為雜質(zhì)元素硫、磷、硅、錳等含量極低）。（2）特殊用途鋼種開發(fā)。如熱海水用高鉬鋼、高耐蝕高強(qiáng)度的高氮鋼（氮含量達(dá)到0.4%～0.6%甚至0.8%～1.0%），不銹鋼功能材料（記憶材料、儲(chǔ)氫材料等）等。（3）新工藝開發(fā)。不銹鋼復(fù)合材料、非晶不銹鋼等。 [3]
形成元素
播報(bào)編輯不銹鋼管是加有質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)從12%到高于50%合金元素的鐵基合金。合金元素影響奧氏體、鐵素體和馬氏體相的穩(wěn)定性，從而影響與穩(wěn)定性有關(guān)的各相之間的平衡關(guān)系。加入不銹鋼中的元素可以分為形成穩(wěn)定鐵素體元素以及形成穩(wěn)定奧氏體元素。馬氏體是一種相變產(chǎn)物，由奧氏體從高溫冷卻到低溫時(shí)形成，如果在高溫時(shí)沒(méi)有形成奧氏體，那么在低溫下也就不會(huì)獲得馬氏體相。奧氏體不銹鋼管含有高的鎳含量及其他奧氏體形成元素，這些元素促使奧氏體相的形成，使其在室溫甚至更低溫度下仍然穩(wěn)定。鐵素體不銹鋼無(wú)縫管則含有減弱奧氏體形成的元素例如高的鉻含量，使鐵素體成為主導(dǎo)的相組分。馬氏體不銹鋼管在高溫時(shí)是奧氏體組織，然而這種奧氏體是不穩(wěn)定的，在冷卻時(shí)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變。借助于奧氏體形成元素和鐵素體形成元素之間的平衡可以控制不銹鋼管的微觀組織。兩種元素間平衡的調(diào)整對(duì)不銹鋼管的力學(xué)性能，耐腐蝕性和焊接性有重要作用。鋁、鈦、銅和鉬加入不銹鋼無(wú)縫管中可以促進(jìn)析出反應(yīng)而使鋼強(qiáng)化。含有Cu、AI 和Mo的析出硬化（PH）馬氏體不銹鋼無(wú)縫管經(jīng)熱處理后可以得到超過(guò)1375MPa（200k8i）的室溫屈服強(qiáng)度。奧氏體不銹鋼無(wú)縫管經(jīng)常含有鈦和鋁而形成鎳鈦和鎳鋁析出相，其作用和鎳基超合金中的析出強(qiáng)化相相似。鋁在固溶體中是鐵素體形成元素，而銅則是弱奧氏體形成元素。成分接近純銅的析出相可以用來(lái)強(qiáng)化馬氏體鋼如174PH鋼。鐵素體形成元素有：鉻、鉬、硅、鈮、鈦、鋁、釩、鎢。奧氏體形成元素有：鎳、錳、碳、氮、銅、鈷。 [3]
應(yīng)用
播報(bào)編輯奧氏體304不銹鋼鋼板，據(jù)稱這種材料可以帶來(lái)極強(qiáng)的防銹、耐腐蝕性能，又有極佳的可塑性和韌性，方便沖壓成型。密度為7.93g/立方厘米，304不銹鋼是一種很常見(jiàn)的不銹鋼，業(yè)內(nèi)也叫做18/8不銹鋼。它的金屬制品耐高溫，加工性能好，因此廣泛使用于工業(yè)和家具裝飾行業(yè)和食品醫(yī)療行業(yè)。 [2]新手上路成長(zhǎng)任務(wù)編輯入門編輯規(guī)則本人編輯我有疑問(wèn)內(nèi)容質(zhì)疑在線客服官方貼吧意見(jiàn)反饋投訴建議舉報(bào)不良信息未通過(guò)詞條申訴投訴侵權(quán)信息封禁查詢與解封?2024?Baidu?使用百度前必讀?|?百科協(xié)議?|?隱私政策?|?百度百科合作平臺(tái)?|?京ICP證030173號(hào)?京公網(wǎng)安備11000002000001號(hào)window.PAGE_DATA= 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